Impact of Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Exposures on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and TMAO Levels in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Along with the known risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constituting metabolic syndrome (MS), gut microbiome and some its metabolites, in particular trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), are actively discussed. A prolonged stay under natural hypoxic conditions significantly multi-directionally changes ratio strains their metabolites feces blood, which is basis for using hypoxia preconditioning targeted effects on potential CVD. prospective randomized study included 65 patients (32 females) MS optimal medical therapy. Thirty-three underwent a course 15 intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic exposures (IHHE group). The other 32 sham procedures (placebo Before after IHHE course, liver elastometry, biochemical blood tests, fecal sampling TMAO analysis (tandem mass spectrometry). No significant dynamics were detected both groups. In subgroup baseline values above reference (TMAO ≥ 5 μmol/l), there was reduction plasma levels. But degree total cholesterol (TCh), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), regression steatosis index more pronounced initially normal values. Despite interindividual variations, high values, reductions cardiometabolic hepatic indicators than controls. More research needed to objectify prognostic role possibilities correction adaptation techniques.